March 14, 2022 zacherlaw 0 Comments

Legionnaires’ Disease Cases on the Rise in the U.S.

A new report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that cases of Legionnaires’ disease have been increasing since 2003. Incidence of the disease remained stable from 1992 to 2002, with an average of 1,221 reported cases each year. The average number of cases dramatically increased between 2003 to 2018 to 4,369 reported cases each year. The East North Central, Middle Atlantic, and New England regions were most affected by the increase in cases. Additionally, the highest incidence was in Black or African American persons. Increasing racial disparities, geographic focus, and seasonality were most associated with the…

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March 14, 2022 zacherlaw 0 Comments

Poverty Links COVID-19 and Legionnaires’ Disease

Clinicians and public health practitioners at Johns Hopkins University have identified poverty as a hidden link between COVID-19 and Legionnaires’ disease. After investigating the source of an uptick in Legionnaires’ disease cases, the researchers identified poor housing and socioeconomic disadvantage as common denominators between the patients.  Due to low incomes and fewer resources, these communities cannot afford to upgrade their aging water infrastructures and spend on expensive water testing and filtration systems. Not unlike those disproportionately affected by the pandemic, this poverty has led to those living within these communities to be the most susceptible to exposure to Legionella bacteria.  These researchers…

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March 14, 2022 zacherlaw 0 Comments

COVID Shutdowns and Legionnaires’ Disease

Water stagnation as a result of COVID-19 related shutdowns may have led to an increase in Legionnaires’ disease cases in Baltimore. Clinicians and public health practitioners at Johns Hopkins University identified the link between the shutdowns and Legionnaires’ disease after Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center treated four cases of the disease in 2021. It had been several years since the Bayview Medical Center treated a Legionnaires’ disease case. Legionella bacteria can grow within water pipes, especially when stagnant water is present. As buildings became unoccupied and water usage decreased in Baltimore, the stagnant water became “potential hotbeds” for Legionella bacteria to grow. The…

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February 1, 2021 zacherlaw 0 Comments

National Academies of Sciences: Management of Legionella in Water Systems: Chapter 2 Part 1

This post continues the discussion of the National Academies of Sciences management of Legionella in water systems report. Chapter two begins to delve into the diagnosis, ecology, and exposure pathways of Legionella. In our everyday life, humans live peacefully alongside a number of microbes, organisms so small they are invisible to the human eye. Most of these microbes are harmless and may are beneficial. However, there are groups of microbes that cause disease  In general, the impact of exposure to a particular microbe depends on three factors. Firstly, the quantity of microorganisms. Secondly, their capacity to cause harm. Lastly, the strength of an individual…

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January 29, 2021 zacherlaw 0 Comments

National Academies of Sciences: Management of Legionella in Water Systems: Chapter 1, Part 2

This post continues the discussion of the National Academies of Sciences management of Legionella in water systems report. Chapter one serves as an introduction that outlines how Legionella spreads, as seen in Part 1. This post focuses on the many possible sources of infection. Legionnaires’ disease has been known to have outbreaks at places where there is both biofilm growth and the potential for aerosolization. Many such areas exist in man-made structures, including components of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems such as cooling towers and humidifiers; indoor plumbing (called premise plumbing) including outlets such as showerheads and faucets; as well as spas…

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January 27, 2021 zacherlaw 0 Comments

National Academies of Sciences: Management of Legionella in Water Systems: Chapter 1, Part 1

In the United States, incidence of Legionnaires’ disease increased more than six times from 2000 to 2018. Additionally, this number is commonly known to be under reported. This post continues the discussion of the National Academies of Sciences management of Legionella in water systems report. Chapter one serves as an introduction that outlines how Legionella spreads, and how the country currently handles it.  Despite numerous reports of common-source outbreaks in the community, through travel or through hospital exposures, and despite improvements in laboratory tools, the vast majority of Legionella cases remain sporadic. Sporadic cases mean that they are community-acquired cases for which the primary exposure source…

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January 13, 2021 zacherlaw 0 Comments

National Academies of Sciences: Management of Legionella in Water Systems: Introduction

The next several blog posts are going to be a series that highlight a very important recent 2020 study published by the National Academies of Sciences about the management of Legionella in water systems. This comes at an important time, as Legionella is the number one cause of reported waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States.  The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine produced a report that addressed the current state of the science with regard to Legionella. As a result, they included the current ecology, disease diagnosis, quantification, prevention and control, policy and guidance, and all associated research needs. The U.S. Centers…

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April 8, 2018 zacherlaw 0 Comments

Legionella Testing Market Valued At $180 Million in 2016

About a month ago, Transparency Market Research estimated that the global legionella testing market was valued at US$180 million in 2016. In addition, Transparency Market Research also estimated that the testing market would reach around US$398.7 million by 2025. Perhaps one of the biggest factors for future growth moving forward is that the incidence rate is increasing globally, particularly in developing regions. With this higher incidence of infectious diseases comes a steady increase in the demand for diagnostic kits and with it the global legionella testing market is expected to substantially grow. As it stands now, the incidence rate of…

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April 5, 2018 zacherlaw 0 Comments

New Model Developed to Understand How Legionella Grow in Plumbing Systems

Assessing plumbing systems can sometime feel like a task which you are going to be inherently blind in. After all, regular testing is important however pinpointing the exact location of clusters can often be difficult. Luckily, there appears to be a new model which may help public health authorities assess water quality. According to one of the co-authors and civil and environmental engineering professor Wen-Tso Liu, “(P)revious studies have relied on reproducing the conditions of a stagnant plumbing system within a lab setting,” however for this study, the team was “able to collect samples in a real-life situation.” The team collected…

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March 29, 2018 zacherlaw 0 Comments

Rubber Ducks May Harbor Legionella Bacteria

Rubber ducks are a classic component of the stereotypical bath and have made an impact on numerous individual’s lives. Yet with its constant presence in our bathing rituals and lives, an uncomfortable subject may inadvertently emerge; how clean/safe is this object. According to a study by American and Swiss researchers, toy ducks appear to be a breeding ground for microbes and bacteria like Legionella. In the study, water released from four out of every five ducks found Legionella along with other Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, a fairly disturbing frequency. The study, which was conducted by the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science…

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